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Melampaui Rencana Aksi Nasional

Lintasan Kebijakan, Substitusi Instrumen, dan Kewajiban Negara untuk Melindungi dalam Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia, dengan Indonesia sebagai Kasus Devian

Penulis

  • Nur Kholis * Penulis korespondensi
  • Satya Arinanto
  • Patricia Rinwigati
DOI
10.21787/jbp.18.2026.3399
Tanggal Terbit & Halaman
31 Agustus 2026 · Hlm. 391-404
Riwayat Naskah
Diterima2 Jul 2026 Terbit31 Agu 2026
Lisensi
CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Baca PDF 477 KB Kutip

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Abstrak

Operasionalisasi kewajiban negara dalam bisnis dan hak asasi manusia tidak mengikuti satu pola yang seragam. Rencana aksi nasional (RAN) banyak digunakan untuk mengoperasionalkan kewajiban negara untuk melindungi berdasarkan Prinsip-Prinsip Panduan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia (UNGPs). Namun, adopsi formal semata tidak mampu menjelaskan perubahan tata kelola nasional ketika instrumen kebijakan diperbarui, diperkuat, dihentikan, atau diganti. Penelitian ini menganalisis lintasan kebijakan pada tujuh yurisdiksi yang mengadopsi RAN, yakni Belanda, Kolombia, Jerman, Chile, Kenya, Thailand, dan Jepang, dengan menempatkan Afrika Selatan sebagai kasus negatif dan Indonesia sebagai kasus devian berupa substitusi instrumen. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan hukum normatif-komparatif, kesetaraan fungsi, analisis lintasan kebijakan berbasis dokumen, dan analisis isi terarah untuk merekonstruksi perubahan instrumen, kepemilikan kelembagaan, pemantauan, peninjauan, dan partisipasi berdasarkan bukti yang diverifikasi hingga 30 Juni 2026. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan lintasan yang tidak linier berupa institusionalisasi iteratif, penguatan daya ikat regulasi, terputusnya pembaruan, formalisasi bertahap, jalur non-RAN, dan substitusi instrumen. Dari lintasan tersebut direkonstruksi lima kondisi analitis tata kelola: keutamaan substansi fungsional atas status sebagai dokumen; kesinambungan kepemilikan kelembagaan; keterujian melalui komitmen terukur, pemantauan, dan peninjauan; partisipasi bermakna yang dapat ditelusuri; serta pemaknaan kendala sumber daya yang peka terhadap komponen. Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa pergantian instrumen dapat memperkuat otoritas formal dan koordinasi pemerintahan, sekaligus mengubah kepemilikan kelembagaan dan kesinambungan partisipasi. Artikel ini menempatkan lintasan kebijakan dan substitusi instrumen sebagai kategori analitis yang dapat diaudit, sehingga penilaian tata kelola bisnis dan hak asasi manusia bergerak melampaui sekadar keberadaan dokumen maupun pemeringkatan kinerja RAN.

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Daftar Pustaka

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