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Beyond National Action Plans

Policy Trajectory, Instrument Substitution, and the State Duty to Protect in Business and Human Rights, With Indonesia as a Deviant Case

DOI
10.21787/jbp.18.2026.3399
Published & Pages
31 August 2026 · pp. 391-404
Manuscript History
Received2 Jul 2026 Published31 Aug 2026

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Abstract

The operationalization of state obligations in business and human rights does not follow a single uniform pattern. National action plans (NAPs) are widely used to operationalize the state duty to protect under the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). Formal adoption alone, however, cannot explain changes in national governance when policy instruments are renewed, strengthened, discontinued, or replaced. This study analyzes policy trajectories across seven NAP-adopting jurisdictions—the Netherlands, Colombia, Germany, Chile, Kenya, Thailand, and Japan—treating South Africa as a negative case and Indonesia as a deviant case of instrument substitution. It applies a normative-comparative legal approach, functional equivalence, document-based policy trajectory analysis, and directed content analysis to reconstruct changes in instruments, institutional ownership, monitoring, review, and participation, based on evidence verified through 30 June 2026. The findings indicate non-linear trajectories: iterative institutionalization, regulatory hardening, renewal lapse, incremental formalization, non-NAP pathway, and instrument substitution. From these trajectories, five analytical governance conditions are reconstructed: the primacy of functional substance over documentary status; continuity of institutional ownership; testability through measurable commitments, monitoring, and review; traceable meaningful participation; and a component-sensitive reading of resource constraints. Indonesia suggests that replacing an instrument can strengthen formal authority and governmental coordination while also shifting institutional ownership and participatory continuity. The article positions policy trajectory and instrument substitution as auditable analytical categories, moving the assessment of business and human rights governance beyond the mere existence of a document or the ranking of NAP performance.

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Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). This article is licensed under CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0.