Beralih ke bagian utama
Artikel Riset Asli Akses Terbuka Terakreditasi SINTA 2

Menyederhanakan Birokrasi Melalui Teori Biaya Transaksi

Penulis

  • Nanik Murwati 1* Penulis korespondensi
  • Hadi Prabowo 1
  • Hyronimus Rowa 1
  • Halilul Khairi 1
  • Ananda Putri Sujatmiko 2
  • 1 Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 2 Kementerian Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Republik Indonesia
  • *Penulis korespondensi
DOI
10.21787/jbp.16.2024.389-402
Tanggal Terbit & Halaman
30 Agustus 2024 · Hlm. 389-402
Lisensi
CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Baca PDF 347 KB Kutip

1.485 Dilihat 1.418 Diunduh

Abstrak

Kebijakan penyederhanaan birokrasi bertujuan untuk menyederhanakan, namun dalam penyusunannya justru melahirkan banyak regulasi yang juga menghabiskan banyak biaya. Kementerian Keuangan memublikasikan biaya rata-rata yang dikeluarkan untuk penyusunan satu peraturan menteri mencapai Rp232 juta, belum termasuk biaya lain yang tidak terlihat seperti waktu penyusunan. Penelitian ini menganalisis biaya transaksi dalam penyederhanaan birokrasi dan mengidentifikasi upaya pemerintah dalam meningkatkan efisiensi biaya transaksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode campuran dan analisis sekuensial eksplanatori untuk menganalisis upaya yang telah dilakukan Pemerintah. Penelitian yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2021-2022 ini memadukan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode kualitatif dalam pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan diskusi kelompok terarah. Sedangkan metode kuantitatif menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah telah melakukan berbagai upaya dalam meningkatkan efisiensi biaya transaksi. Namun, berbagai kebijakan yang telah disusun untuk mengatasi inefisiensi birokrasi melalui penyederhanaan birokrasi cenderung meningkatkan formalisasi dan menambah biaya. Berbagai upaya pemerintah tersebut tidak dapat dinilai hanya dengan menggunakan perspektif ekonomi. Berdasarkan studi yang dilakukan oleh University of Chicago, birokrasi pemerintah tidak akan pernah benar-benar efisien secara matematis karena cara kerjanya, tidak seperti sektor swasta. Dampak penyederhanaan birokrasi merupakan manfaat jangka panjang, mengingat hal ini berdampak pada tata kelola yang belum diperhitungkan. Inefisiensi atau biaya besar yang dikeluarkan Pemerintah saat ini akan menjadi investasi dalam perbaikan tata kelola di masa mendatang.

Kata Kunci:

Baca Naskah Lengkap

Isi lengkap artikel ini tersedia dalam format PDF. Versi resmi yang diterbitkan pada Vol 16 No 2 (2024).

Buka PDF

Daftar Pustaka

52 rujukan
  1. Adriana, S. (2022). Problematika Perampingan Jabatan Aparatur Sipil Negara Menuju Perampingan Birokrasi. Jurnal Sultan: Riset Hukum Tata Negara, 1(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.35905/sultanhtn.v1i1.3178
  2. Berrios, R., & McKinney, J. B. (2017). Contracting and Accountability Under Leaner Government. Public Integrity, 19(6), 559–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1239493
  3. CBR - Economics. (2005, February 1). Inefficiency Is a Matter of Perspective. Chicago Booth Review. https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/inefficiency-matter-perspective
  4. Chandler, J. (2010). A Rationale for Local Government. Local Government Studies, 36(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930903445657
  5. Daryono, Kusuma, A. R., & Saropah, S. (2023). The Benefit of Bureaucratic Simplification for Bontang City Government. Journal of Local Government Issues, 6(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.22219/logos.v6i2.25051
  6. De Coninck, B., Gascó-Hernández, M., Viaene, S., & Leysen, J. (2023). Determinants of Open Innovation Adoption in Public Organizations: A Systematic Review. Public Management Review, 25(5), 990–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.2003106
  7. Dewata, E., Wahyuni, S., Jauhari, H., & Oktarida, A. (2021). Performance-Based Budgeting, Preventive Supervision, and Effectiveness of Budget Control. Sriwijaya International Journal of Dynamic Economics and Business, 5(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v5i4.357-372
  8. Fritzen, S. A. (2007). Discipline and Democratize: Patterns of Bureaucratic Accountability in Southeast Asia. International Journal of Public Administration, 30(12–14), 1435–1457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690701229590
  9. Garcia-Sanchez, I. M., Prado-Lorenzo, J. M., & Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. (2011). Do Progressive Goverments Undertake Different Debt Burdens? Partisan vs. Electoral Cycles. Revista de Contabilidad, 14(1), 29–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1138-4891(11)70021-8
  10. Herold, D. M., Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., & Wilde, S. (2022). Categorizing Transaction Costs Outcomes Under Uncertainty: A Blockchain Perspective for Government Organizations. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 15(3), 431–448. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-09-2021-0066
  11. Innayah, E. P., & Nasikin, Y. (2022). Implementasi Teory Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) dalam Kebijakan Antitrust Prespektif Islam. Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan dan Bisnis Syariah, 4(6), 1598–1606. https://doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v4i6.1028
  12. Jackson, M. W. (1986). Bureaucracy in Hegel’s Political Theory. Administration & Society, 18(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/009539978601800201
  13. Khairi, H. (2020). Measuring the Efficiency of Local Government Agencies Structure: Finding Right Sizing Patterns. Sosiohumaniora: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 22(3), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v22i3.29555
  14. Khairi, H. (2022). Evaluation of Non-structural Institution Establishment Policy in Indonesia: Cases on National Police Commission and Prosecutor’s Commission. Sosiohumaniora: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 24(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v24i1.37757
  15. Kurba, M. I. H. (2021, November 24). Memangkas Biaya Regulasi. Directorate General of Budget, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. https://anggaran.kemenkeu.go.id/in/post/memangkas-biaya-regulasi
  16. Larsson, K. K. (2021). Digitization or Equality: When Government Automation Covers Some, but Not All Citizens. Government Information Quarterly, 38(1), 101547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101547
  17. Li, M., Yu, Y., Li, X., Zhao, J. L., & Zhao, D. (2019). Determinants of SMEs’ Transformation Toward Cloud Services: Perspectives of Economic and Social Rationalities. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 11(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.17705/1pais.11103
  18. March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations. Wiley.
  19. Martini, A., Tahir, I., & Khairi, H. (2019). Aplikasi Model Organisasi pada Struktur Organisasi Perangkat Daerah. Sosiohumaniora: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 21(2), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v21i2.21780
  20. Matondang, K. A., Ujung, S., Annuradi, M. A. S., & Situmorang, E. A. A. (2024). Mengoptimalkan Efisiensi Anggaran Birokrasi: Tantangan dan Solusi. Reslaj: Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal, 6(5), 2380–2390. https://doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v6i5.1278
  21. Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform. (2020). Rapat Koordinasi Membangun Sinergitas Kementerian/Lembaga dalam Rangka Pembumian dan Internalisasi Pancasila.
  22. Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform. (2022, December 30). Proses Bisnis Layanan Kepegawaian Dipangkas, Pelayanan ASN Makin Mudah. Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic ReformMinistry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform. https://menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/proses-bisnis-layanan-kepegawaian-dipangkas-pelayanan-asn-makin-mudah
  23. Monteiro, J. C. M., & Assunção, J. J. (2012). Coming Out of the Shadows? Estimating the Impact of Bureaucracy Simplification and Tax Cut on Formality in Brazilian Microenterprises. Journal of Development Economics, 99(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.10.002
  24. Narutomo, T. (2012). Penerapan Balanced Scorecard untuk Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kementerian Dalam Negeri. Jurnal Bina Praja, 4(3), 189–200. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21787/jbp.4.2012.189-200
  25. Nugraheny, D. E., & Ihsanuddin. (2024, May 27). Ada 27.000 Aplikasi Milik Pemerintah, Jokowi: Tidak Terintegrasi dan Tumpang Tindih. Kompas.com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2024/05/27/12282521/ada-27000-aplikasi-milik-pemerintah-jokowi-tidak-terintegrasi-dan-tumpang
  26. Nzobonimpa, S. (2023). Artificial Intelligence, Task Complexity and Uncertainty: Analyzing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Algorithms in Public Service Delivery Under Public Administration Theories. Digital Transformation and Society, 2(3), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/DTS-03-2023-0018
  27. Pawlowski, C., & Scholta, H. (2023). A Taxonomy for Proactive Public Services. Government Information Quarterly, 40(1), 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101780
  28. Porter, L. W., & Siegel, J. (1965). Relationships of Tall and Flat Organization Structures to the Satisfactions of Foreign Managers. Personnel Psychology, 18(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1744-6570.1965.TB00293.X
  29. Putra, I. R. A. S., & Iskandar, D. S. (2013). Peningkatan Kapasitas Organisasi Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan (BPP) Kementerian Dalam Negeri. Jurnal Bina Praja, 5(3), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.5.2013.177-188
  30. Rakhmawanto, A. (2021). Analisis Dampak Perampingan Birokrasi Terhadap Penyetaraan Jabatan Administrator dan Pengawas. Civil Service, 15(2), 11–24.
  31. Ran, R., Dong, D., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, P. (2024). Red Tape Reform, Transaction Costs, and Corporate Social Performance: A Natural Quasi-experiment in China. International Public Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2024.2332702
  32. Rindfleisch, A. (2020). Transaction Cost Theory: Past, Present and Future. AMS Review, 10(1–2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-019-00151-x
  33. Rohman, M. N., & Rismana, D. (2021). Kebijakan Pemangkasan Struktur Birokrasi di Indonesia. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi, 4(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v4i2.5232
  34. Sacchetti, S., & Borzaga, C. (2021). The Foundations of the “Public Organisation”: Governance Failure and the Problem of External Effects. Journal of Management and Governance, 25(3), 731–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-020-09525-x
  35. Saksono, T., Zauhar, S., Hermawan, Basuki, J., & Reza, I. F. (2024). Analysis of Bureacracy Downsizing in Indonesia by Using Strategic Action Field Framework. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(7), e07145. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-125
  36. Santoso, C. W. B. (2016). Participation and Neutrality of State Civil Apparatus in Direct Regional Election: Surabaya City Case. Jurnal Bina Praja, 8(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.08.2016.69-81
  37. Shaw, C. K. Y. (1992). Hegel’s Theory of Modern Bureaucracy. American Political Science Review, 86(2), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.2307/1964227
  38. Sipayung, N., Sumaryadi, I. N., Daraba, D., & Lukman, S. (2022). The Policy Implementation of Simplification Bureaucracy For Performance Improvement In The Ministry of Administrative And Bureaucratic Reform. Devotion: Journal of Research and Community Service, 3(13), 2433–2448. https://doi.org/10.36418/dev.v3i13.295
  39. Situmorang, C. H. (2019). Studi Analisis Undang-Undang Aparatur Sipil Negara Menuju Penyederhanaan Birokrasi. Populis: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora, 4(2), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.47313/pjsh.v4i2.699
  40. Sudrajat, A., & Andhika, L. (2021). Empirical Evidence Governance Innovation in Public Service. Jurnal Bina Praja, 13(3), 407–417. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.13.2021.407-417
  41. Suhardiman, Rachman, M., & Jamiah. (2023). Birokrasi dan Public Governance. In Penerbit Tahta Media. Tahta Media Group. https://tahtamedia.co.id/index.php/issj/article/view/115
  42. Torsteinsen, H. (2012). Why Does Post-Bureaucracy Lead to More Formalisation? Local Government Studies, 38(3), 321–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2011.629194
  43. Valentinov, V. (2007). The Transaction Cost Theory of the Nonprofit Firm: Beyond Opportunism. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764007300408
  44. Ventriss, C., & Hummel, R. P. (1995). Modern Thought and Bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, 55(6), 581. https://doi.org/10.2307/3110349
  45. Vieira, B. F. (2020). Breves considerações sobre o contributo da teoria dos custos de transação ao debate regulatório. Revista de Direito Econômico e Socioambiental, 11(1), 91–121. https://doi.org/10.7213/rev.dir.econ.soc.v11i1.23487
  46. Wargadinata, E., Aly, E. S., & Alma’arif, A. (2022). Evaluation of Jakarta Province in Information and Technology Management. Jurnal Bina Praja, 14(3), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.14.2022.453-464
  47. Warman, N. S., Syamsir, Maldini, M., Nurhasanah, O., Oktariandani, N. R., & Syafikruzi, I. H. (2022). Implementasi Inovasi Kebijakan dalam Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik (SPBE) di Kota Pekanbaru. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Budaya, 1(2), 132–148. https://doi.org/10.55606/mateandrau.v1i2.161
  48. Wicaksono, K. W., & Ismail, H. H. (2013). Penerapan Prinsip-prinsip Administrasi dalam Birokrasi Indonesia (Sebuah Telaah Kritis terhadap Reformasi Birokrasi di Indonesia Berdasarkan Perspektif Prinsip-prinsip Administrasi). Jurnal Bina Praja, 5(3), 163–167. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.05.2013.163-168
  49. Widowati, L., Setyowati, K., & Suharto, D. G. (2023). Dynamic Governance As Perspective in Indonesian Bureaucracy Reform: Qualitative Analysis of Indonesian Bureaucracy Reform Based on Dynamic Governance. Jurnal Bina Praja, 15(2), 403–415. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.15.2023.403-415
  50. Williamson, O. E. (1979). Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations. The Journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 233–261. https://doi.org/10.1086/466942
  51. Yigitbasioglu, O. M. (2010). Information Sharing With Key Suppliers: A Transaction Cost Theory Perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 40(7), 550–578. https://doi.org/10.1108/09600031011072000
  52. Zaibet, L., Boughanmi, H., & Habib, Q. (2005). Assessing Market Efficiency. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 17(2), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1300/J047v17n02_13

Hak Cipta & Lisensi Akses Terbuka

Hak Cipta (c) 2024 Penulis. Artikel ini dilisensikan di bawah CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0.

Artikel paling banyak dibaca berdasarkan penulis yang sama