Beralih ke bagian utama
Artikel Riset Asli Akses Terbuka Terakreditasi SINTA 2

Faktor Tata Kelola dan Lingkungan yang Mempengaruhi Malnutrisi Berat di Indonesia

Bukti untuk Memperkuat Program Makan Gratis yang Bergizi

Penulis

  • Muhammad Abduh 1* Penulis korespondensi
  • Aos Kuswandi 2
  • Derriansya Putra Jaya 1
DOI
10.21787/jbp.18.2026.2922
Tanggal Terbit & Halaman
21 Mei 2026 · Hlm. 79-91
Riwayat Naskah
Diterima29 Jan 2026 Disetujui15 Apr 2026 Terbit21 Mei 2026
Lisensi
CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Baca PDF 800 KB Kutip

503 Dilihat 315 Diunduh

Abstrak

Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) Indonesia, yang diamanatkan berdasarkan Peraturan Presiden No. 115/2025, dirancang untuk mengurangi kekurangan gizi anak melalui implementasi yang terdesentralisasi. Studi ini meneliti apakah kesiapan tata kelola desa dan degradasi lingkungan berhubungan dengan kejadian kekurangan gizi berat, yang jarang terjadi tetapi penting secara operasional untuk penargetan program. Desa digunakan sebagai unit analisis karena merupakan garda terdepan utama untuk koordinasi, pemantauan masyarakat, respons layanan, dan paparan lingkungan. Dengan menggunakan data administratif dari 2.876 desa, studi ini memperkirakan kejadian menggunakan model logit dan beban kejadian menggunakan model binomial negatif. Model hitungan binomial negatif yang stabil, yang dipertahankan setelah spesifikasi yang lebih lengkap menunjukkan masalah konvergensi dan kolinearitas, menunjukkan bahwa kesiapan tata kelola berhubungan positif dengan beban kekurangan gizi berat tetapi tidak signifikan secara statistik, sedangkan kondisi lingkungan, dukungan layanan, dan kemiskinan tetap relevan untuk interpretasi dan penargetan. Temuan ini mendukung strategi MBG berbasis risiko yang mengintegrasikan kesiapan layanan, kerentanan sosial, dan kondisi lingkungan daripada hanya mengandalkan kasus yang dilaporkan.

Kata Kunci:

Baca Naskah Lengkap

Isi lengkap artikel ini tersedia dalam format PDF. Versi resmi yang diterbitkan pada Vol 18 No 1 (2026).

Buka PDF

Daftar Pustaka

52 rujukan
  1. Abduh, M., & Munandar, A. (2025). Menjaga Pijar Keberlanjutan: Tafsir Kritis atas Metodologi Ilmu Pemerintahan. NoerFikri Offset.
  2. Abduh, M., & Yurista, R. (2025). Menciptakan Keadilan dengan Data: Refleksi Keberlanjutan dalam Statistik Pemerintahan. NoerFikri Offset.
  3. Acheampong, J. O. (2022). Stakeholders Perspective of the Ghana School Feeding Program: A Case of the Denkyembour District. Interchange, 53(2), 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-022-09461-9
  4. Adolphus, J., Arminen, H., & Pekkanen, T.-L. (2025). The Effect of Institutions on Clean Energy Investments and Environmental Degradation Across Income Groups: Evidence Based on the Method of Moments Quantile Estimation. Energy, 324, 136018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.136018
  5. Aiga, H., Nomura, M., Langa, J. P. M., Mahomed, M., Marlene, R., Alage, A., Trindade, N., Buene, D., Hiraoka, H., Nakada, S., Arinde, E., Varimelo, J., & Chivale, A. J. (2020). Spectrum of Nutrition-Specific and Nutrition-Sensitive Determinants of Child Undernutrition: A Multisectoral Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Mozambique. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, 3(2), 320–338. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000182
  6. Baek, Y., & Chitekwe, S. (2019). Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Inadequate Food Group Consumption and Dietary Diversity Among Infants and Young Children in Nepal. PLOS One, 14(3), e0213610. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213610
  7. Bawdekar, M., & Ladusingh, L. (2008). Contextual Correlates of Child Malnutrition in Rural Maharashtra. Journal of Biosocial Science, 40(5), 771–786. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932008002757
  8. Bergeron, G., & Castleman, T. (2012). Program Responses to Acute and Chronic Malnutrition: Divergences and Convergences. Advances in Nutrition, 3(2), 242–249. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001263
  9. Bisyri, A. N., Hastungkoro, H., Fridayani, H. D., Nurmandi, A., & Chiang, L.-C. (2025). Integrating Nutrition Policy: Agenda-Setting Analysis of the MBG Program for Advancing Rural Sustainability in Indonesia. BIO Web of Conferences, 199, 03004. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202519903004
  10. Budiono, P., Wulandari, C., Apriliani, A. P., & Sari, F. Y. (2024). The Impact of Village Governance Environmental Management on Community-Based Mangrove Development in Karang City, Bandar Lampung. International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 7(4), 675–683. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijei.070408
  11. Daniel, D., Djohan, D., Machairas, I., Pande, S., Arifin, A., Al Djono, T. P., & Rietveld, L. (2021). Financial, Institutional, Environmental, Technical, and Social (FIETS) Aspects of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Indigenous – Rural Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1723. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11800-x
  12. Dewi, P. E. A. P., Pandawani, N. P., Maba, W., & Vipriyanti, N. U. (2024). Strategy for Strengthening Stunting Management Implementation at Posyandu Working Area of Puskesmas Banjar I, Buleleng Regency. The 2nd International Conference on Innovation of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development: Strategic Innovation for the Acceleration of the Sustainable Life Resilience, 020005. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0194461
  13. Djani, W., Therikh, J. J., Long, B. L., & Adu, A. A. (2025). Implementation of Stunting Prevention Policies in Rote Ndao Regency: A Phenomenological Study. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI), 8(8), 798–806. https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v8i8.7899
  14. Duong, C., Patel, S., Nguyen-Viet, H., Chea, R., Dang, S., Tum, S., Ramakrishnan, U., & Young, M. F. (2023). Access to Food Markets, Household Wealth and Child Nutrition in Rural Cambodia: Findings From Nationally Representative Data. PLOS One, 18(10), e0292618. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292618
  15. Egbide, B.-C., Madugba, J., Otekunrin, A., Adenike, O., & Oludare, F. (2022). Responsiveness of Rural Development to Budget Management Attributes: Evidence From Ogun State, Nigeria. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.01
  16. Gillespie, S., Haddad, L., Mannar, V., Menon, P., & Nisbett, N. (2013). The Politics of Reducing Malnutrition: Building Commitment and Accelerating Progress. The Lancet, 382(9891), 552–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60842-9
  17. Hanczvikkel, A., & Tóth, Á. (2018). Quantitative Study About the Role of Environmental Conditions in the Survival Capability of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(6), 801–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2018.05.001
  18. Herwawan, J. H., Tasijawa, F. A., Rehena, Z., & Nindatu, M. (2026). Impact and Implementation Issues of the Free Nutritious Meal Program in the Maluku Islands: Perspectives From Students, Teachers, and Implementers. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2026.2630180
  19. Husseini, M., Darboe, M. K., Moore, S. E., Nabwera, H. M., & Prentice, A. M. (2018). Thresholds of Socio-Economic and Environmental Conditions Necessary to Escape From Childhood Malnutrition: A Natural Experiment in Rural Gambia. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 199. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1179-3
  20. Huybregts, L., Le Port, A., Becquey, E., Zongrone, A., Barba, F. M., Rawat, R., Leroy, J. L., & Ruel, M. T. (2019). Impact on child acute malnutrition of integrating small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements into community-level screening for acute malnutrition: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in Mali. PLOS Medicine, 16(8), e1002892. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002892
  21. Ijaiya, M. A., Anjorin, S., & Uthman, O. A. (2022). Individual and Contextual Factors Associated With Childhood Malnutrition: A Multilevel Analysis of the Double Burden of Childhood Malnutrition in 27 Countries. Global Health Research and Policy, 7(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-022-00276-w
  22. Kamble, R., Garg, B., Raut, A., & Bharambe, M. (2018). Assessment of Functioning of Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committees in a District in Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 43(3), 148. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_171_17
  23. Kamuli, S., Tamu, Y., Pabbajah, M., Abdullah, I., Wantu, S. M., & Aneta, Y. (2025). Analysing the Ineffectiveness of Village Fund Utilisation in Improving Food Security. Agrekon, 64(3–4), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2025.2573274
  24. Karikari, E., Sokolov, N., Mikerova, M., Asiedu-Ayeh, B., Karikari, M., Ameyaw, D., Kawuo, S., & Nikolic-Turnic, T. (2024). Assessment of Mothers Awareness of Acute Malnutrition. Medicinski Casopis, 58(3), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.5937/mckg58-53806
  25. Liguori, J., Savy, M., Laar, A., & Holdsworth, M. (2026). Understanding the Decentralised School Food Procurement Model in Ghana Through the Lens of School Caterers: A Photovoice Study. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.70141
  26. Lin, J., & Feng, X. L. (2023). Exploring the Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (Wash), Early Adequate Feeding and Access to Health Care on Urban–Rural Disparities of Child Malnutrition in China. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13542
  27. López-Ejeda, N., Charle Cuellar, P., Vargas, A., & Guerrero, S. (2019). Can Community Health Workers Manage Uncomplicated Severe Acute Malnutrition? A Review of Operational Experiences in Delivering Severe Acute Malnutrition Treatment Through Community Health Platforms. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12719
  28. Mannolkar, S., George, S. M., R, M., P, N., & Bharathi, D. P. (2025). Assistive System for Monitoring Malnutrition in Children: MalnoCare. 2025 5th International Conference on Soft Computing for Security Applications (ICSCSA), 687–694. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSCSA66339.2025.11171179
  29. Modjadji, P., & Madiba, S. (2022). The Multidimension of Malnutrition among School Children in a Rural Area, South Africa: A Mixed Methods Approach. Nutrients, 14(23), 5015. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235015
  30. Namirembe, G., Shrestha, R., Mezzano, J., Ausman, L. M., Davis, D., Baral, K., Ghosh, S., Shively, G., & Webb, P. (2021). Effective Nutrition Governance Is Correlated With Better Nutrition Outcomes in Nepal. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1), 434. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02898-4
  31. Napirah, M. R., Vidyanto, V., Rahman, N., Ningrum, A. S., Asmawati, A., & Veruswati, M. (2024). Implementation of National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition Improvement Policy for the First 1,000 Days of Life in Indonesia. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 19(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v19i1.8045
  32. Ogobara Dougnon, A., Charle-Cuéllar, P., Toure, F., Aziz Gado, A., Sanoussi, A., Lazoumar, R. H., Alain Tchamba, G., Vargas, A., & Lopez-Ejeda, N. (2021). Impact of Integration of Severe Acute Malnutrition Treatment in Primary Health Care Provided by Community Health Workers in Rural Niger. Nutrients, 13(11), 4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114067
  33. Orish, C., Battistini, B., Bocca, B., & Frazzoli, C. (2026). Malnutrition, Nutrition, and Dietary Toxins. In Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology (pp. 312-318.e2). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-10944-7.00037-8
  34. Pacetti, E. J., McMurray, D., & Baca, J. (2025). Quality Improvement in Acute Care Malnutrition: Impact on Payment and Patient Outcomes. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 125(9), S24–S35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2025.05.018
  35. Pradita, A. B., Sepwantoro, G., Auliya, V., & Uwem, I. E. (2025). Realizing Public Welfare from the Nation’s Kitchen: A Fiqh Siyasah Perspective on the Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) and Its Impact on the Muslim Community. Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies, 4(2), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17341164
  36. Pramesthi, I. L., Wiradnyani, L. A. A., Anggraini, R., Februhartanty, J., Widaryat, W., Waluyo, B. H., Wahyunto, A. T., Mansyur, M., & Fahmida, U. (2025). Evaluating the Impact of Indonesia’s National School Feeding Program (ProGAS) on Children’s Nutrition and Learning Environment: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Nutrients, 17(22), 3575. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223575
  37. Purnaningsih, N., Eny Palupi, Sulassih, S., & Anita Primaswari Widhiani. (2025). Optimizing Local Resources for Stunting Prevention and Community Health Promotion in Indonesia: A Mixed-Methods Study on Collaborative Communication and Extension. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI), 8(8), 676–688. https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v8i8.7520
  38. Rajaa, S., Ramalingam, S., Chokashi, M., & Mokashi, T. (2024). Roles, Responsibilities, and Functions of Village Health, Sanitation, and Nutrition Committees in India: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. Indian Journal of Public Health, 68(2), 262–267. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_149_23
  39. Razak, M. R. R., B, S., Sofyan, W., Lubis, S., & Rais, T. R. (2024). Development of Integrated Village Fund Governance Model With Siberas Public Service Application. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(5), 2184–2198. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i5.1969
  40. Regeru, R. N., Chikaphupha, K., Bruce Kumar, M., Otiso, L., & Taegtmeyer, M. (2020). ‘Do You Trust Those Data?’—A Mixed-Methods Study Assessing the Quality of Data Reported by Community Health Workers in Kenya and Malawi. Health Policy and Planning, 35(3), 334–345. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz163
  41. Saleh, A. A., Abdullah, S., Muhammad, R., Amir, M. Y., & Sulvinajayanti, S. (2025). Rethinking School Nutrition via Community Engagement: A Review with Implications for Indonesia’s MBG Program. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 21(3), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v21i3.46204
  42. Saputra, Y. A., Lisa, M., Hikmi, N., Irawati, S., Azhari, A. R., & Muharramah, D. H. (2025). Association of Inadequate WaSH, Housing, and Infectious Diseases With Undernutrition Hotspots Among Children Under Five: Findings From a National Survey in Indonesia. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 36, 102211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102211
  43. Scott, K., George, A. S., Harvey, S. A., Mondal, S., Patel, G., Ved, R., Garimella, S., & Sheikh, K. (2017). Beyond Form and Functioning: Understanding How Contextual Factors Influence Village Health Committees in Northern India. PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0182982. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182982
  44. Sojobi, A. O., & Zayed, T. (2022). Impact of Sewer Overflow on Public Health: A Comprehensive Scientometric Analysis and Systematic Review. Environmental Research, 203, 111609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111609
  45. Srirejeki, K., & Khairurrizqo, K. (2025). The Role of Community Engagement As Corruption Control Strategy in Local Governments: Insights From Indonesia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 38(7), 872–894. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-12-2024-0407
  46. Sudirman, Budiman, & Sriyani Oktavia. (2026). Cadre Disposition as a Key Determinant of Local-Food Supplementary Feeding: A Mixed-Methods Study. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI), 9(1), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v9i2.8658
  47. Supranoto, Sasmito, L., Indriastuti, S., Prayitno, H., & Sawir, M. (2025). From Parallel to Partnership Governance: Strengthening Institutional Synergy for Stunting Reduction in Decentralized Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 102051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102051
  48. Syafrawati, S., Lipoeto, N. I., Masrul, M., Novianti, N., Gusnedi, G., Susilowati, A., Nurdin, A., Purnakarya, I., Andrafikar, A., & Umar, H. B. (2023). Factors Driving and Inhibiting Stunting Reduction Acceleration Programs at District Level: A Qualitative Study in West Sumatra. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0283739. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283739
  49. Wells, J. C., Sawaya, A. L., Wibaek, R., Mwangome, M., Poullas, M. S., Yajnik, C. S., & Demaio, A. (2020). The Double Burden of Malnutrition: Aetiological Pathways and Consequences for Health. The Lancet, 395(10217), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32472-9
  50. Wulandari, R., Iswara, A. P., Qadafi, M., Prayogo, W., Astuti, R. D. P., Utami, R. R., Jayanti, M., Awfa, D., Suryawan, I. W. K., Fitria, L., & Andhikaputra, G. (2024). Water Pollution and Sanitation in Indonesia: A Review on Water Quality, Health and Environmental Impacts, Management, and Future Challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(58), 65967–65992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35567-x
  51. Yakubu, T., Apprey, C., & Annan, R. A. (2025). Exploring Current Barriers and Enablers of Severe Acute Malnutrition Management Among Children (6–59 Months): Perspectives From Health Professionals in Northern Ghana. BMC Nutrition, 11(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-025-01075-5
  52. Zhang, Q., Ye, C., & Duan, J. (2022). Multi-dimensional Superposition: Rural Collaborative Governance in Liushe Village, Suzhou City. Journal of Rural Studies, 96, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.10.002

Biografi Penulis

  • Aos Kuswandi · Universitas Islam 45 Bekasi

    AOS Kuswandi merupakan peneliti/praktisi yang menekuni bidang kebijakan publik dan tata kelola, dengan minat pada bagaimana desain program, penganggaran, dan mekanisme akuntabilitas mempengaruhi capaian sosial. Ia menempatkan pendekatan berbasis bukti sebagai landasan untuk memperkuat perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi program, termasuk peningkatan kualitas pelayanan dan perlindungan kelompok rentan. Identitas penelitiannya terdokumentasi dalam ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2795-431X, sebagai sarana pemetaan kontribusi ilmiah (karya, afiliasi, dan aktivitas terkait) secara konsisten dan dapat ditelusuri.

  • Derriansya Putra Jaya · Universitas Tamansiswa Palembang

    Derriansya Putra Jaya lahir di Palembang dan menempuh pendidikan lintas disiplin: S1 Ilmu Tanah, S2 Agribisnis, hingga Doktor Administrasi Publik. Berpengalaman lebih dari satu dekade di industri perbankan (manajemen kredit, pendanaan, dan transaksi), ia kini menjadi dosen tetap Magister Ilmu Pemerintahan Universitas Tamansiswa Palembang serta mengajar sebagai praktisi di beberapa program lain. Ia aktif menguji kebijakan di ruang publik (panelis debat Pilkada OKI, narasumber TV/radio), terlibat dalam jejaring UMKM dan gerakan sosial, serta menulis tentang reformasi administrasi publik, inovasi digital, dan restrukturisasi kredit UMKM.

         

Hak Cipta & Lisensi Akses Terbuka

Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Penulis. Artikel ini dilisensikan di bawah CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0.