Skip to main content
Original Research Article Open Access SINTA 2 Accredited

Cultural and Religious Branding as Soft Power Resources

Paradiplomacy in West Java, Indonesia

DOI
10.21787/jbp.18.2026.3283
Published & Pages
31 August 2026 · pp. 405-416
Manuscript History
Received6 May 2026 Accepted27 Aug 2026 Published31 Aug 2026

0 Views 0 Downloads

Abstract

In the era of globalization and decentralization, subnational governments increasingly participate in international relations through paradiplomacy, employing soft power to promote local identities and support national foreign policy. This study investigates the paradiplomatic strategies of West Java province, Indonesia, emphasizing cultural and religious branding as soft power instruments. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the research relies on semi-structured interviews with officials of the Bureau of Government and Regional Autonomy, supplemented by policy documents, program reports, and secondary data. Findings indicate that West Java promotes local assets such as coffee and batik in international forums, while advancing religious branding through the English for Ulama program, developed in partnership with the British Council, which trains ulama, including women, for international dialogues on moderate Indonesian Islam. Supported by collaborations with Japan, South Korea, China, Australia, and the United Kingdom in capacity building, creative economy, and sustainable technology, these initiatives appear to enhance provincial visibility and to contribute to Indonesia’s public diplomacy by projecting tolerance, cultural richness, and progressive inclusivity. This research enriches the subnational diplomacy literature by underscoring the underexplored role of religious soft power and gender-inclusive engagement in developing contexts.

Read the Full Text

The full text of this article is available as PDF. Version of record published in Vol. 18 No. 2 (2026).

Open PDF

References

29 references
  1. Aldecoa, F., & Keating, M. (Eds.). (1999). Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments. Routledge.
  2. Añorve-Añorve, D. (2019). Paradiplomacia, poder suave y la cooperación internacional municipal: el caso de Guanajuato [Paradiplomacy, Soft Power, and Municipal International Cooperation: The Case of Guanajuato]. Convergencia Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 27, e11693. https://doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v27i82.11693
  3. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat. (2022, January 27). Makin Juara, Kopi Jabar Diminati Pasar Ekspor [Increasingly Champion: West Java Coffee in Demand on Export Markets]. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah, Provinsi Jawa Barat. https://bappeda.jabarprov.go.id/makin-juara-kopi-jabar-diminati-pasar-ekspor/
  4. BPS - Statistics Indonesia. (2025, May 2). Penduduk, Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk, Distribusi Persentase Penduduk, Kepadatan Penduduk, Rasio Jenis Kelamin Penduduk Menurut Provinsi, 2025 [Population, Population Growth Rate, Percentage Distribution of Population, Population Density, and Population Sex Ratio by Province, 2025]. BPS - Statistics Indonesia. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/V1ZSbFRUY3lTbFpEYTNsVWNGcDZjek53YkhsNFFUMDkjMyMwMDAw/jumlah-penduduk--laju-pertumbuhan-penduduk--distribusi-persentase-penduduk--kepadatan-penduduk--rasio-jenis-kelamin-penduduk-menurut-provinsi.html?year=2025
  5. BPS - Statistics Indonesia. (2026, March 10). Distribusi Persentase Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Menurut Provinsi (Persen), 2025 [Percentage Distribution of Gross Regional Domestic Product at Current Market Prices by Province (Percent), 2025]. BPS - Statistics Indonesia. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YVRaR1RHODBVSG9yYldGa2JFZ3lWbW81U1M4MFFUMDkjMw==/distribusi-persentase-produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--2022.html?year=2025
  6. BRIN - National Research and Innovation Agency. (2025, December 4). Kementerian Ekonomi Kreatif Perkuat Hilirisasi Kopi sebagai Prioritas Pengembangan Ekonomi Kreatif Nasional [Ministry of Creative Economy Strengthens Coffee Downstreaming as a National Creative Economy Development Priority]. BRIN - National Research and Innovation Agency. https://brin.go.id/news/125959/kemenparekraf-perkuat-hilirisasi-kopi-sebagai-prioritas-pengembangan-ekonomi-kreatif-nasional
  7. British Council. (2022). People and the Next Economy - Recovering Together. https://www.britishcouncil.id/en/policy-brief-connecticity-2022
  8. Christou, P. A. (2022). How to Use Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research. Journal of Qualitative Research in Tourism, 3(2), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.4337/jqrt.2023.0006
  9. Cornago, N. (2010). On the Normalization of Sub-State Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 5(1–2), 11–36. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-05010102
  10. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Sage Publications.
  11. Dermawan, W., Darmawan, I., Mustofa, M. U., & Djuyandi, Y. (2021). Paradiplomacy as an Instrument of Introducing Identity: Study of Aceh and Quebec. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(65). https://www.abacademies.org/articles/paradiplomacy-as-an-instrument-of-introducing-identity-study-of-aceh-and-quebec-13731.html
  12. Ginanjar, Y. (2022). Jendela Pariwisata Indonesia-China dalam Kajian Hubungan Internasional [A Window on Indonesia–China Tourism in International Relations Studies] (N. Rismawati, Ed.). Widina Media Utama.
  13. Haynes, J. (2016). Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315605142
  14. Kuznetsov, A. S. (2020). Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy: Subnational Governments in International Affairs. Routledge.
  15. Lecours, A. (2008). Political Issues of Paradiplomacy: Lessons from the Developed World. Clingendael Institute. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05373
  16. Lufiah, L., Gumantiara, M. I., & Ramadhan, Z. (2024). Paradiplomacy and Its Influence on Visitor Trends at Twin World Heritage Sites: A Case Study of Borobudur Temple 2018–2019. Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks, 3(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.18196/jpcn.v3i1.39
  17. Melissen, J. (Ed.). (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554931
  18. Mukti, T. A. (2020). Politik Paradiplomasi dan Isu Kedaulatan di Indonesia [The Politics of Paradiplomacy and the Sovereignty Issue in Indonesia]. The Phinisi Press.
  19. Murphy, M. P. A. (2024). Accidental Paradiplomats? The Curious Case of Ontario School Board Budgets and Canadian Soft Power Projection. National Library of Medicine, 79(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020241232989
  20. Novialdi, R., Ahmad, R., Muhammad, Z., Saputra, J., & Bon, A. T. (2021). A Review of Paradiplomacy Literature: Mini-Review Approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 6253–6268. https://doi.org/10.46254/AN11.20211056
  21. Nuaba, I. K. A. (2025). Indonesia’s Soft Power Diplomacy Agenda in Supporting National Interests. Mandala: Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 8(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v8i1.10799
  22. Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. PublicAffairs.
  23. Portal Satu Data Indonesia. (2024, December 15). Volume Ekspor Berdasarkan Jenis Barang (Kode HS 2 (dua) Digit) di Jawa Barat [Export Volume by Commodity Type (2-Digit HS Code) in West Java]. Portal Satu Data Indonesia. https://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/volume-ekspor-berdasarkan-jenis-barang-kode-hs-2-dua-digit-di-jawa-barat
  24. Pratama, D. P. (2020). Paradiplomacy Practice in Indonesia: A Lesson From West Nusa Tenggara Province in 2013–2019. Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 4(1), 62–85. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.4145
  25. Putri, V. A., Muzwardi, A., & Putri, R. A. (2025). Government Paradiplomacy in Proposing Penyengat Island to UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage. Journal of Maritime Policy Science, 2(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.31629/jmps.v2i1.7376
  26. Rachmawati, I., Ardhanariswari, K. A., & Hendariningrum, R. (2026). The Role of Paradiplomacy for Cultural Heritage Preservation: The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 13, 102332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102332
  27. Ramadani, I., Wijaya, M. E., & Mastuti, S. (2020). A Critical Analysis of English for Ulama Program: A Collaboration Between West Java Local Government and British Council Indonesia. JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik), 24(1), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkap.54192
  28. Tavares, R. (2016). Paradiplomacy: Cities and States as Global Players. Oxford University Press.
  29. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. SAGE Publications.

Copyright & Open Access License

Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). This article is licensed under CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0.