A Model of Local Policy Innovation for Integrating Urban Resilience in a Defense Perspective
A Comparative Study of Global Cities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21787/mp.10.1.2026.43-58Keywords:
Urban Resilience, Local Policy Innovation, Spatial Planning, Digital Resilience, Civil DefenseAbstract
Urban areas increasingly function as strategic nodes in national resilience systems in responding to multidimensional threats such as terrorism, climate change, cyber disruption, and hybrid conflict. However, in the Indonesian context, the integration of resilience and defense principles has not been systematically incorporated into local development policies. This study aims to formulate a local policy innovation model for integrating urban resilience into regional planning and governance systems. This research employs a qualitative approach with a comparative case study design, examining eight global cities—Singapore, New York, London, Tel Aviv, Dubai, Tokyo, Seoul, and Copenhagen—based on literature and policy document analysis. The analysis focuses on comparing spatial, technological, and social dimensions of urban resilience. The findings identify three main integration patterns: (1) spatial resilience through risk-based spatial planning and resilient infrastructure, (2) digital resilience through technology-based monitoring and response systems, and (3) social resilience through community preparedness and participation. The variation across cities is influenced by threat characteristics, institutional capacity, and technological maturity. The novelty of this study lies in the formulation of an operational and adaptive three-pillar policy innovation model that can be integrated into local planning instruments such as RTRW and RPJMD. This model provides practical guidance for local governments in developing risk-based urban resilience systems.
References
Almulhim, A. I. (2025). Building urban resilience through smart city planning: A systematic literature review. Smart Cities, 8(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8010022
Baram, G., & Ben-Israel, I. (2025). Redefining vigilance: Reevaluating the meaning of early warning in Israel's security doctrine and the October 7 attack. Intelligence and National Security, 40(3), 470-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2025.2466267
Bermant, A. (2014). Iron Dome protection: Missile defense in Israel's security concept. In A. Kurz & S. Brom (Eds.), The lessons of Operation Protective Edge. Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies.
Bhanye, J. (2025). Flood-tech frontiers: smart but just? A systematic review of AI-driven urban flood adaptation and associated governance challenges. In Discover Global Society. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00190-9
Chan, J. K. H., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Urban resilience in the smart city. The 12th Conference of The International Forum On Urbanism: Beyond Resilience, 95(June), 102-109. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334398312_Urban_Resilience_in_the_Smart_City
Coaffee, J., & O'Hare, P. (2008). Urban resilience and national security: The role of protective security. Urban Design and Planning, 161(4), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1680/udap.2008.161.4.173
Coaffee, J., & Rogers, P. (2008). Rebordering the city for new security challenges: From counter-terrorism to community resilience. Space and Polity, 12(1), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562570801969556
Doss, E. (2010). Memorial mania: Public feeling in America. University of Chicago Press.
Efthymiopoulos, M. P. (2016). Cyber-security in smart cities: The case of Dubai. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 5(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-016-0036-x
Elmqvist, T., Fragkias, M., Goodness, J., Guneralp, B., Marcotullio, P. J., McDonald, R. I., & Wilkinson, C. (2019). Sustainability and resilience for transformation in the urban century. Nature Sustainability, 2(4), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0250-1
Fussey, P., & Murray, D. (2019). Independent Report on the London Metropolitan Police Service's Trial of Live Facial Recognition technology. Human Rights Centre, University of Essex.
Hasian, M. A., & Paliewicz, N. S. (2020). The Fortification of New York City: Post-9/11 Memorialization and the Localization of the War on Terror. In Memory and Monument Wars in American Cities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53771-5_2
Hexagon Safety Infrastructure and Geospatial. (2022). Delivering end-to-end incident management across the Tel Aviv Red Line. Case Study: Tel Aviv Light Rail. Hexagon.
Higashino, M., Kitamura, Y., & Kani, N. (2023). Seismic isolation and response control of buildings in Japan. International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 12(4), 299-306. https://doi.org/10.21022/IJHRB.2023.12.4.299
Janackovic, G., Vranjanac, Z., & Vasovic, D. (2025). Enhancing urban resilience: Integrating actions for resilience (A4R) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for sustainable urban development and proactive hazard mitigation. Sustainability, 17(14), 6408. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146408
Landau, E. B., & Bermant, A. (2014). Iron Dome Protection: Missile Defense in Israel's Security Concept. In A. Kurz & S. Brom (Eds.), The lessons of Operation Protective Edge (pp. 37-42). Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies.
Liu, L., Fryd, O., & Zhang, S. (2019). Blue-Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management - Lessons from Six Municipality-Led Pilot Projects in Beijing. Water, 11, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102024
Ljungkvist, K. (2024). The military-strategic rationality of hybrid warfare: Everyday total defence under strategic non-peace in the case of Sweden. European Journal of International Security, 9(4), 533-552. https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2024.18
Machiels, T. (2022). Cloudburst Management Plan: Blue-green infrastructure for climate adaptation in Copenhagen. CLIMATEFIT International Best Practice Factsheet. University of Antwerp.
Marcuse, P. (2002). Urban Form and Globalization after September 11th: The View from New York. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(3), 596-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00402
Meerow, S., & Newell, J. P. (2016). Urban resilience for whom, what, when, where, and why? Urban Geography, 40(3), 309-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1206395
Prasetyo, H., Suharto, P., Santoso, T. I., & Al-Mujaddid, S. (2025). Hybrid warfare and total defense strategy: Indonesia's comprehensive security framework in the Indo-Pacific era. International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, 5(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v5i1.1786
Rane, N. L., & Achari, A. (2025). Defining urban resilience and sustainability: A review of dimensions, key indicators, assessments, and characteristics. In Environmentally Sustainable and Socially Resilient Urban Development and Management (pp. 3-29). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92850-5_1
Seoul Metropolitan Government. (2023). Seoul to create digital platform for disaster response using big data and AI. City News - Official Release.
Singapore Civil Defence Force. (2024). Evacuation planning guidelines for public and industrial premises. Singapore: SCDF.
Singapore Government. (2025). Singapore: Leveraging Tech for Smarter Emergency Response. Official City Report.
Song, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yu, H. (2024). Urban community security system model from the perspective of resilience: a study on Chinese cities. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 6, 1292740. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2024.1292740
Strom, K. J., & Eyerman, J. (2008). Interagency coordination: Lessons learned from the 2005 London train bombings. NIJ Journal, 261, 1-8. https://nij.ojp.gov/nij-journal/nij-journal-issue-261
Tambe, S. T. (2025). Population dynamics and urban expansion: Implications for sustainable land use in developing regions. International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment, 7(9), 65-67. https://doi.org/10.22271/27067483.2025.v7.i9a.410
Tan, B., Chin, J. C., Lee, C. K., & Wong, K. F. (2019). Planning and design of a Civil Defence shelter station in Singapore. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 14(4), 509-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00012-2
Tang, K., & Osaragi, T. (2024). Multi-objective evacuation planning model considering post-earthquake fire spread: A Tokyo case study. Sustainability, 16(10), 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103989
U.S. Department of Defense. (2024). UFC 4-010-01: DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings. Washington, DC: Unified Facilities Criteria.
Weissmann, M. (2023). Urban Warfare: Challenges of Military Operations on Tomorrow's Battlefield. In M. Weissmann & N. Nilsson (Eds.), Advanced Land Warfare: Tactics and Operations. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857422.003.0007
World Bank Group Korea Office. (2022). Smart Cities in the Republic of Korea: A Journey Toward Institutionalization and Innovation (Note Series Number 9).
Yahia, O., Chohan, A. H., Arar, M., & Awad, J. (2025). Toward Sustainable Urban Mobility: A Systematic Review of Transit-Oriented Development for The Appraisal of Dubai Metro Stations. Smart Cities, 8(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8010021
Yedla, H., Veeranki, S., Thota, S., & Vaddi, K. M. J. (2025). AI-driven flood severity forecasting for sustainable urban development (SDG11): Comparing regression, ensemble, and deep learning methods. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2651, 259-275. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-04225-5_17
Yun, J. (2021). Bunkers as difficult heritage: Imagining future for underground spaces in Seoul. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 20(6), 581-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2021.1941980
Zeng, X., Yu, Y., Yang, S., Lv, Y., & Sarker, M. N. I. (2022). Urban resilience for urban sustainability: Concepts, dimensions, and perspectives. Sustainability, 14(5), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052481
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Creative Commons-Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike License 4.0 International applies to all works published by Matra Pembaruan: Jurnal Inovasi Kebijakan. Authors will retain copyright of the work.
