Skip to main content
Original Research Article Open Access SINTA 2 Accredited

Legal Model of State Intervention through Government Funding in the Digital Transformation and Sustainable Management of Red-and-White Rural/Urban Village Cooperatives

Authors

  • Jeferson Kameo 1* Corresponding author
  • Yefta Andi Kus Noegroho 1
  • Teguh Wahyono 1
  • Sylvia Setjoatmadja 2
  • Faqi Rawni Arndarnijariah 1
DOI
10.21787/jbp.18.2026.3016
Published & Pages
4 June 2026 · pp. 121-137
Manuscript History
Received24 Feb 2026 Accepted28 Apr 2026 Published4 Jun 2026
License
CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Read PDF 1.1 MB Cite

728 Views 327 Downloads

Abstract

The legal model governing the financing of a unique form of cooperative management in Indonesia under Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution requires further clarification. According to this management model, the state should remain present in and support cooperatives as pillars of the national economy. The administration of President Prabowo Subianto has developed this cooperative management model through the establishment of more than 83,000 Red-and-White Rural/Urban Village Cooperatives (Koperasi Desa/Kelurahan Merah Putih [KDKMPs]) throughout Indonesia, utilizing digital transformation to strengthen transparency, accountability, and sustainability in modern cooperative management. This study adopts a normative legal methodology supported by an empirical approach. Legislation, interview findings, focus group discussions, and materials from national seminars were collected, analyzed, and interpreted. The study finds that the KDKMP financing legal model is characterized by state intervention through the government’s direct financing of cooperatives using the state budget through state-owned banks as an implementation of constitutional economic principles concerning economic democracy and collective welfare.

Keywords:

Read the Full Text

The full text of this article is available as PDF. Version of record published in Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026).

Open PDF

References

45 references
  1. Afgani, R., & Wanusmawatie, I. (2025). Kebijakan Koperasi Merah Putih dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Politik Pembangunan: Pendekatan State-Centered dan Teori Ketergantungan. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 9(2), 22375–22383. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v9i2.30167
  2. Alnemr, N. (2024). Democratic Self-Government and the Algocratic Shortcut: The Democratic Harms in Algorithmic Governance of Society. Contemporary Political Theory, 23(2), 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-023-00656-y
  3. Astutik, S. D., & Rizki A., A. (2025). Strategi Dinas Koperasi dalam Pembinaan Kelembagaan Koperasi Mewujudkan Kemandirian Ekonomi. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, dan Perencanaan Kebijakan, 3(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.47134/jampk.v3i1.874
  4. Baldwin, R., Cave, M., & Lodge, M. (2011). Understanding Regulation. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199576081.001.0001
  5. Banakar, R., & Travers, M. (Eds.). (2005). Theory and Method in Socio-Legal Research. Hart Publishing Ltd. http://www.hartpub.co.uk/books/details.asp?isbn=9781841136264
  6. Bovaird, T. (2014). Attributing Outcomes to Social Policy Interventions – ‘Gold Standard’ or ‘Fool’s Gold’ in Public Policy and Management? Social Policy & Administration, 48(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2012.00869.x
  7. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Sage Publications.
  8. Guidi, M., Guardiancich, I., & Levi-Faur, D. (2020). Modes of Regulatory Governance: A Political Economy Perspective. Governance, 33(1), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12479
  9. Gunningham, N., Grabosky, P., & Sinclair, D. (1998). Smart Regulation. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198268574.001.0001
  10. Gupta, C. (2014). The Co-operative Model as a ‘Living Experiment in Democracy.’ Journal of Co-Operative Organization and Management, 2(2), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2014.09.002
  11. Halliday, T. C., & Shaffer, G. (Eds.). (2015). Transnational Legal Orders. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107707092
  12. Hasanudin, A. (2025). Kepastian Hukum Pembiayaan Koperasi Desa Merah Putih: Analisis Kelembagaan Antara Prinsip Kemandirian Koperasi dan Intervensi Negara [Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta]. http://repository.upnvj.ac.id/id/eprint/40024
  13. Hasanudin, A., Winanti, A., & Meliala, A. J. (2025a). Legal Certainty of Financing of Merah Putih Village Cooperatives: Institutional Analysis Between the Principle of Cooperative Independence and State Intervention. Multidisciplinary Indonesian Center Journal, 2(2), 2400–2416. https://doi.org/10.62567/micjo.v2i2.1145
  14. Hasanudin, A., Winanti, A., & Meliala, A. J. (2025b). Potential for Budget Disharmonization in the Management of the Merah Putih Village Cooperative. International Journal of Law and Society, 2(3), 100–121. https://doi.org/10.62951/ijls.v2i3.660
  15. Hidayat, M., & Kurniawan, R. (2023). Transformasi Digital Koperasi dan Tantangan Regulasi Perlindungan Data di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum dan Teknologi, 5(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.33005/jht.v5i1.70
  16. Hillo, J., Vento, I., & Erkkilä, T. (2025). Algorithmic Governance: Experimental Evidence on Citizens’ and Public Administrators’ Legitimacy Perceptions of Automated Decision-Making. Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.70028
  17. Ifa, K. R. (2024). Peran Digitalisasi Koperasi Terhadap Peningkatan Kualitas Pelayanan dan Kinerja Keuangan di KSPPS BMT Alhikmah Semesta. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Koperasi Indonesia, 1(1). https://journal.imfea.or.id/index.php/jkeki/article/view/18
  18. Irawansah, D., Ridwan, Ahmad, & Muliya, K. S. (2025). Perspektif Hukum: Perlindungan dan Pemberdayaan Koperasi untuk Menuju Kemandirian Koperasi Indonesia. Journal of Excellence Humanities and Religiosity, 2(1), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.34304/joehr.v2i1.325
  19. Koswara, A. (2025). The New Cooperative Program ‘KMP’ and the Indonesian Pancasila Economy: A Legal and Philosophical Approach. International Journal Law and Legal Ethics, 6(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.47701/ijlle.v6i1.4858
  20. Kurniawan, I. G. A. (2022). Digitalization of Business Law: Urgency and Orientation of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi, 5, 253–265. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v5i2.6847
  21. Kusumasari, L. (2025). Synergy Between Village-Owned Enterprises and Merah Putih Village Cooperatives: The Road to Economic Independence. Equity: Jurnal Akuntansi, 5(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.46821/equity.v5i2.648
  22. Latif, Y. (2025). Building the Soul of the Indonesian Nation: Mohammad Hatta on Religion, the State Foundation, and Character Building. Studia Islamika, 32(2), 241–278. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v32i2.45220
  23. Lodge, M. C., & Wegrich, K. (2012). Managing Regulation: Regulatory Analysis, Politics and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26552-4
  24. Muijs, F. G. O. (2025). Analisis Pergeseran Paradigma Otonomi Daerah Sebelum dan Sesudah Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja. Jurnal Inovasi dan Kajian Multidisipliner Kontemporer, 1(2), 421–428. https://portalpublikasi.com/index.php/inomatec/article/view/764
  25. Nadapdap, B. J., Parsaulian, M., & Napitupulu, D. R. W. (2025). Regulasi dan Dampak Koperasi Simpan Pinjam (KSP) terhadap Pemberdayaan UMKM dan Masyarakat Pedesaan. Jurnal Dimensi Hukum, 9(3), 168–176. https://oaj.jurnalhst.com/index.php/jdh/article/view/10049
  26. Nugraha, A. B. (2016). Politik Hukum terhadap Koperasi Indonesia. Cakrawala: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial, 5(2), 271–298. https://ejournal.uksw.edu/cakrawala/article/view/669
  27. Nurkholis, Kgs. M., Meiriasari, V., & Hendarmin, R. M. R. (2023). Analisis Peranan Jati Diri Koperasi Sebagai Wujud Pengimplementasian Good Corporate Governance (GCG) Koperasi di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Global Masa Kini, 14(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.36982/jiegmk.v14i1.3143
  28. Okfitasari, A., & Suprihatin. (2025). Akuntabilitas Keuangan Koperasi di Indonesia dengan Permenkop Nomor 2 Tahun 2024. Jurnal Ilmiah Edunomika, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.29040/jie.v9i3.17656
  29. Perdana, M. T., Susetiyo, W., & Kasiani. (2025). Dualisme Kewenangan Pengawasan Koperasi Simpan Pinjam (KSP) antara Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM serta Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Jurnal Supremasi, 15(2), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.35457/supremasi.v15i2.5069
  30. Pulungan, M. S. (2019). Konsepsi Bangun Perusahaan Koperasi: Kerangka Pemikiran Badan Usaha yang Ideal Menurut Pasal 33 Ayat (1) UUD 1945. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 49(2), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no2.2001
  31. Puspita, G. (2025). Adaptation of Sharia Accounting in the Digital Economy: A Study of Sharia-Based Fintech Startups in Indonesia. Journal of Taxation Insights Policy Practice, 1(2), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.59784/jtipjournal.v1i2.13
  32. Rahman, I., Muhtar, M. H., Mongdong, N. M., Setiawan, R., Setiawan, B., & Siburian, H. K. (2024). Harmonization of Digital Laws and Adaptation Strategies in Indonesia Focusing on E-commerce and Digital Transactions. Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research, 4(1), 4314–4327. https://doi.org/10.31004/INNOVATIVE.V4I1.8240
  33. Rahmi, P. A., Zakira, R., & Kurnia, A. (2025). The Impact of Globalization on Pancasila as a Human Rights-Based Ethical System in Indonesia. Justices: Journal of Law, 4(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.58355/justices.v4i1.142
  34. Ralian, J., Tehupeiory, A., & Silalahi, F. (2023). Analisis Yuridis Pemaknaan Pasal 33 (1) UUD 1945 Berdasarkan Pancasila dari Perspektif Hukum Tata Negara. Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika, 4(3), 1262–1270. https://doi.org/10.36312/jcm.v4i3.2085
  35. Rizki, N., Ridhawati, R., & Prasedya, T. C. I. T. (2024). Good Corporate Governance in Cooperatives Organization: Lesson Learn From Indonesia. New Applied Studies in Management, Economics and Accounting, 7(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.22034/nasmea.2024.181225
  36. Sabila, S. V., & Toruan, V. G. L. (2024). Koperasi dalam Perspektif Hukum Strategi Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat di Era Globalisasi. Media Hukum Indonesia, 2(4), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14192048
  37. Salsabil, H. H., Munazih, M., & Kunarti, S. (2025). Tinjauan Hukum Administrasi Negara Terhadap Pembentukan Koperasi Desa Merah Putih Melalui Instruksi Presiden. Jurnal USM Law Review, 8(2), 901–922. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v8i2.12031
  38. Saputri, A. R., Subandriyo, & Hardiyan, M. I. (2025). Koperasi Desa Merah Putih dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Desa dan Tata Kelola Pemerintahan. Journal of Society Bridge, 3(2), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.59012/jsb.v3i2.83
  39. Skelcher, C., & Smith, S. R. (2015). Theorizing Hybridity: Institutional Logics, Complex Organizations, and Actor Identities: The Case of Nonprofits. Public Administration, 93(2), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12105
  40. Sudirta, I. W., Pieris, J., Nugroho, W., & Ryantoni, H. (2025). Explore the Values of Pancasila as the Basic Philosophy of the Indonesian Nation. Arena Hukum, 18(1), 127–158. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum2025.01801.6
  41. Sukardi, D., Hafizd, J. Z., Muamar, A., Hamamah, F., Royani, E., & Sobirov, B. (2024). Digital Transformation of Cooperative Legal Entities in Indonesia. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 24(2), 68–86. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v24i2.1563
  42. Sulistiyo, H., Nugraha, N., Hasanuh, N., Suartini, S., Manda, G. S., Sidik, S., & Lukita, C. (2025). Cooperatives Research Trends in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review. The Indonesian Accounting Review, 15(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.14414/tiar.v15i1.4858
  43. Supriyanti, S. S., & Pertiwi, D. N. G. (2025). How Do Pancasila Economics and Islamic Economics Relate to Financial Governance Policies in Indonesia? Journal of Islamic Economics and Bussines Ethics, 2(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.24235/jiesbi.v2i1.198
  44. Warsono. (2016). Koperasi dan Gagasan Konstitusi Ekonomi Indonesia dalam Kerangka Pasal 33 UUD 1945. Jurnal Ilmiah Dunia Hukum, 1(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.35973/jidh.v1i1.609
  45. Yeung, K. (2018). Algorithmic Regulation: A Critical Interrogation. Regulation & Governance, 12(4), 505–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12158

Author Biographies

  • Jeferson Kameo · Satya Wacana Christian University

    Associate Professor in Law of Economic and Cyber at the Faculty of Law-Satya Wacana Christian University

  • Sylvia Setjoatmadja · Universitas Gresik

    Lecturer at the Faculty of Law Gresik University

Copyright & Open Access License

Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). This article is licensed under CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0.